Abstract
Soursop fruit starches contain phytochemicals being an alternative for the food and pharmaceutical industry. The objective was to determine the techno-functional properties and biological activity of soursop fruit starches extracted by conventional and ultrasound-assisted methods. Gelatinization temperature, absorption index, solubility, swelling power, acute toxicity, and antioxidant activity were evaluated. The extractions were: ACF1 (Conventional Starch Phase 1), AUF1 (Ultrasound Starch Phase 1), AUF2 (Ultrasonic Starch Phase 2), ACF2 (Conventional Starch Phase 2). ACF1 and AUF1 starches gelatinized at 72.3 and 72.8 °C, ACF2 and AUF2 starches gelatinized at 71.1 and 71.4 °C. ACF2 and AUF2 starches had a high water absorption index (9.3 and 7.6 g gel/g sample), water solubility (4.5 and 3.2 %), and swelling power (9.5 and 7.7 g gel/g sample). The toxicity (LD50) of the extracts of ACF1 and AUF1 starches was 12.88 and 6.83 in AUF1 μg/mL, and in ACF2 and AUF2 it was 23.58 and 21.18 μg/mL. ACF1 and AUF1 starches showed high antioxidant activity (mg AAE/g of d.s.) ABTS (10.4 and 11.4), DPPH (59.1 and 69.6), and FRAP (22.2 and 23).
References
Aguilar-Hernández, G., López-Romero, B. A., Huerta-Castellanos, I., Tellez-Isaias, G., & Montalvo-González, E. (2024). Acetogenins from Annona muricata as Antimicrobial Agents. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.115064
Aguilar-Hernández, G., Vivar-Vera, M., García-Magaña, M., González-Silva, N., Pérez-Larios, A., & Montalvo-González, E. (2020). Ultrasound-Assisted extraction of total acetogenins from the soursop fruit by response surface methodology. Molecules, 25(5), 1139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25051139
Álvarez-Gómez, F., Korbee, N., & Figueroa, F. (2016). Análisis de la capacidad antioxidante y compuestos bioactivos en extractos macroalgales y liquénicos mediante la aplicación de diferentes solventes y métodos de evaluación. Ciencias marinas, 42(4), 271-288. https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v42i4.267
Amini, A., Razavi, S., & Mortazavi, S. (2015). Morphological, physicochemical, and viscoelastic properties of sonicated corn starch. Carbohydrate Polymers, 122, 282-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.01.020
Balois-Morales, R., Jiménez-Zurita, J. O., Alia-Tejacal, I., López-Guzmán, G. G., Palomino-Hermosillo, Y. A., & Sánchez-Herrera, L. M. (2019). Antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant activity in two soursop selections (Annona muricata L.) from Nayarit, México stored at 15 °C. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. 41(1), e-083. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-29452019083
Benítez-Estrada, A., Villanueva-Sánchez, J., González-Rosendo, G., Alcántar-Rodríguez, V. E., Puga-Díaz, R. & Quintero-Gutiérrez, A. G. (2021). Determinación de la capacidad antioxidante total de alimentos y plasma humano por fotoquimioluminiscencia: Correlación con ensayos fluorométricos (ORAC) y espectrofotométricos (FRAP). TIP. Revista especializada en Ciencias Químico-Biológicas, 23, e20200244. https://doi.org/10.22201/fesz.23958723e.2020.0.244
Benzie, I. F., & Devaki, M. (2017). The ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay for nonenzymatic antioxidant capacity: Concepts, procedures, limitations, and applications. Measurement of Antioxidant Activity & Capacity (eds R. Apak, E. Capanoglu and F. Shahidi). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119135388.ch5
Benzie, I. F., & Strain, J.J (1996). The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of “antioxidant power”: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry, 239(1), 70-76. https://doi.org/10.1006/abio.1996.0292
Da Silva, M. de A. S., Bridi, R., Arias-Santé, M. F., Rincón-Cervera, M. A., Meisel, L. A., Rhein, S., Porras, O., Márquez Calvo, K., Carrasco, B., & de Camargo, A. C. (2024). Soluble and insoluble-bound phenolic bioactive compounds of Tortola bean leaf and their antioxidant properties in chemical-based assays and Caco-2 cells. Food Bioscience, 57, 103616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2024.103616
De los Santos-Santos, M. A. , Jiménez-Zurita, J. O., Balois-Morales, R., Alia-Tejacal, I., Jiménez-Zurita, J. O., Balois-Morales, R., & Alia-Tejacal, I. (2020). Evaluación de almidón como recubrimiento comestible sobre los compuestos fenólicos y actividad antioxidante en frutos de guanábana (Anonna muricata L.). Revista fitotecnia mexicana, 43(4), 443-452. https://doi.org/10.35196/rfm.2020.4.443
De los Santos-Santos, M. A., Balois-Morales, R., Bello-Lara, J. E., León-Fernández, A. E., Jiménez-Zurita, J. O., Bautista-Rosales, P. U., Ramírez-Balboa, G., Casas-Junco, P. P., & Montalvo-González, E. (2023). Compuestos fitoquímicos en almidones de frutos de guanábana (Annona muricata L.). Revista BioCiencias, 10,e1502. https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.10.e1502
Donoso-Bustamante, V., Osorio, E., Arias-Santé, M. F., De Camargo, A. C., Rincón-Cervera, M. Á., Amalraj, J., Carrasco, B., Palomo, I., & Araya-Maturana, R. (2025). Antioxidant activity of sinapic acid anilides: DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, electrochemical and theoretical analysis. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 222, 117656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2025.117656
Dun, H., Liang, H., Zhan, F., Wei, X., Chen, Y., Wan, J., Ren, Y., Hu, L., & Li, B. (2020). Influence of O/W emulsion on gelatinization and retrogradation properties of rice starch. Food Hydrocolloids, 103, 105652. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.105652
Ekielski, A., Żelaziński, T., Siwek, A., Sharma, V., & Kumar Mishra, P. (2020). Formulation and Characterization of Corn Grits- Propylene Glycol Extrudates. Materials Today: Proceedings, 21(4), 1772-1780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.01.230
España, O. A., Ortiz, A. F., Eraso, S., Hurtado, A. M., & Mena, J. (2023). Actividad biológica de los aceites de semillas de Annona muricata y A. cherimola. Boletín Latinoamericano y Del Caribe De Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas, 22(3), 360-376. https://doi.org/10.37360/blacpma.23.22.3.27
Flores-Gorosquera, E., García-Suárez, F.J., Flores-Huicochea, E., Nuñes-Santiago, M.C., Gónzalez-Soto, R.A., & Bello-Pérez, L.A. (2004). Rendimiento del proceso de extracción de almidón a partir de frutos de plátano (Musa paradisiaca) estudio en planta piloto. Acta Científica Venezolana, 55(1),86-90.
Galvis-García, J., Ocampo, D., Ocampo, R., & Gutiérrez-Cárdenas, P. (2012). Actividad tóxica de los extractos de la corteza de tallo de Annona cherimolioides (annonaceae) sobre Artemia salina. Boletín Científico. Centro de Museos. Museo de Historia Natural, 16(2), 17-22.
Huamani-H, A. L., Ponce-Ramírez, J. C., Málaga-Juárez, J., Huamani-H, A. L., Ponce-Ramírez, J. C., & Málaga-Juárez, J. (2020). Optimization of the quinoa cooking process using the 3k design and the desirability function: Degree of gelatinization, water absorption index, solubility index and cotyledon detachment. Scientia Agropecuaria, 11(3), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.17268/sci.agropecu.2020.03.10
Humérez-Flores, J. N., Verkempinck, S. H., De-Bie, M., Kyomugasho, C., Van-Loey, A. M., Moldenaers, P., & Hendrickx, M. E. (2022). Understanding the impact of diverse structural properties of homogalacturonan rich citrus pectin-derived compounds on their emulsifying and emulsion stabilizing potential. Food Hydrocolloids, 125, 107343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2021.107343
Ikegwu, O. J., Okechukwu, P. E. & Ekumankana, E. O. (2010). Physico-chemical and pasting charactersitics of flour and starch from achi Brachystegia eurycoma seed. Journal of Food Technology, 8(2), 58-66.
Jiménez, V. M., Gruschwitz, M., Schweiggert, R. M., Carle, R., & Esquivel, P. (2014). Identification of phenolic compounds in soursop (Annona muricata) pulp by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and electrospray ionization mass spectrometric detection. Food Research International, 65, 42-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.05.051
Jiménez-Zurita, J. O., Balois-Morales, R., Alia-Tejacal, I., Sánchez Herrera, L. M., Jiménez-Ruiz, E. I., Bello-Lara, J. E., García-Paredes, J. D., & Juárez-López, P. (2017). Cold storage of two selections of soursop (Annona muricata L.) in Nayarit, Mexico. Journal of Food Quality, 2017(1), 4517469. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/4517469
Koev, T. T., Muñoz-García, J. C., Iuga, D., Khimyak, Y. Z., & Warren, F. J. (2020). Structural heterogeneities in starch hydrogels. Carbohydrate Polymers, 249, 116834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116834
León-Fernández, A. E., Martínez-Cárdenas, L., Zepeda-Vallejo, L. G., Arteaga-Garibay, R. I., Gutiérrez-Martínez, P. & Montalvo-González, E. (2019). Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and toxic effect of fractioned extracts from Soursop pulp. Revista Biociencias, 6. https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.06.e400
Lima, L., Pimenta, L. P., & Boaventura, M. (2010). Acetogenins from Annona cornifolia and their antioxidant capacity. Food Chemistry, 122(4), 1129-1138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2010.03.100
López-Flores, Y. A., Ramírez-Balboa, G., Bautista-Rosales, P. U., López-Guzmán, G. G. & Bello-Lara, J. E. (2020). Caracterización fisicoquímica y funcional de almidón extraídos de frutos de mango ‘Tommy atkins’ del estado de Nayarit. Investigación y Desarrollo en Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos, 5, 694-699.
López-Martínez, C. R., García-Mateos, M. D. R., Martínez-Damián, M. T., & Sánchez-Sánchez, L. (2022). Calidad nutricional y nutracéutica del fruto de tres especies de Annonaceae: Guanábana, chirimoya y chincuya. Nova Scientia, 14(28). https://doi.org/10.21640/ns.v14i28.2925
Martínez-Ortiz, M.A. (2024). Caracterización de almidones de fuentes no convencionales y su uso potencial en la industria. [Tesis de Doctorado. Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit]
Martínez-Ortiz, M. A., León-Fernández, A. E., Bello-Lara, J. E., Berumen-Varela, G., Bautista-Rosales, P. U., Jiménez-Zurita, J. O., Juárez-López, P. & Balois-Morales, R. (2022). Almidones de frutos tropicales y su aplicación en la industria alimentaria: mango, plátano, chirimoya y guanábana. Una revisión. Revista Internacional de Investigación e Innovación Tecnológica, 10(56), 1-13.
Md-Roduan, M. R., Abd Hamid, R., & Mohtarrudin, N. (2019). Modulation of cancer signalling pathway(s) in two-stage mouse skin tumorigenesis by annonacin. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 19(1), 238. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-019-2650-1
Meaño-Correa, N., Ciarfella-Pérez, A., & Dorta-Villegas, A. (2014). Evaluación de las propiedades químicas y tecnofuncionales del almidón nativo de ñame congo (Dioscorea bulbifera L.) para predecir sus posibles usos tecnológicos. Revista Multidisciplinaria del Consejo de Investigación de la Universidad de Oriente, 26(2), 182-187.
Méndez, D., Schroeter, B., Martínez-Abad, A., Fabra, M., Gurikov, P., & López-Rubio, A. (2023). Pectin-based aerogel particles for drug delivery: Effect of pectin composition on aerogel structure and release properties. Carbohydrate Polymers, 306, 120604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.120604
Morales, F. J., & Jiménez-Pérez, S. (2001). Free radical scavenging capacity of maillard reaction products as related to colour and fluorescence. Food Chemistry, 72, 119-125, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00239-9
Nolasco-González, Y., García-Magaña, M. de L., León-Fernández, A. E., Monribot-Villanueva, J. L., Guerrero-Analco, J. A., & Montalvo González, E. (2023). Formulación y análisis fitoquímico de una bebida potencialmente funcional obtenida de la combinación de un extracto de hojas y pulpa de Annona muricata (Annonaceae). Acta Botanica Mexicana, (130). https://doi.org/10.21829/abm130.2023.2185
Novaes, P., Torres, P., Cornú, T., Lopes, J.D.C., & Ferreira, M. (2019). Comparing antioxidant activities of flavonols from Annona coriacea by four approaches. Revista Sudafricana de Botánica, 123, 253-258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.011
Nwokocha, L., & Williams, P. (2009). New starches: Physicochemical properties of sweetsop (Annona squamosa) and soursop (Anonna muricata) starches. Carbohydrate Polymers, 78(3): 462-468. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.05.003
Okumu, M. O., Mbaria, J. M., Gikunju, J. K., Mbuthia, P. G., Madadi, V. O., Ochola, F. O., & Jepkorir, M. S. (2021). Artemia salina as an animal model for the preliminary evaluation of snake venom-induced toxicity. Toxicon: X, 12, 100082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2021.100082
Oliveira-Bernardo, C., Ascheri, J., Chávez, D., & Piler, C. (2018). Ultrasound assisted extraction of yam (Dioscorea bulbífera) starch: effect on morphology and functional properties. Starch–Stärke, 170018. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201700185
Park, D., & Han, J. (2016). Quality controlling of brown rice by ultrasound treatment and its effect on isolated starch. Carbohydrate Polymers, 137, 30-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.10.045
Prior,R. L., Wu,X.,& Schaich, K. (2005). Standardized methods for the determination of antioxidant capacity and phenolics in foods and dietary supplements. Journal of Agriculture and Food chemistry, 53 (10), 4290-4302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf0502698
Ramírez-Balboa, G., Balois-Morales, R., Bello-Lara, J. E., Bautista-Rosales, P. U., León-Fernández, A. E., López-Guzmán, G. G., & Palomino-Hermosillo, Y. A., & López-Flores, Y. A. (2021). Ultrasound-assisted extraction and characterization of the functional properties of starch from soursop fruits (Annona muricata L.). Acta Scientiarum Technology, 43(1), e49052. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v43i1.49052
Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, M., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine, 26, 1231-1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Riley-Saldaña, C. A., Cruz-Ortega, M. D. R., Martínez-Vázquez, M., De-la-Cruz-Chacón, I., Castro-Moreno, M., & González-Esquinca, A. R. (2017). Acetogenins and alkaloids during the initial development of Annona muricata L. (Annonaceae). Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung. C, Journal of biosciences, 72(11-12), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.1515/znc-2017-0060
Rodrigues, L. G. G., Mazzuttib, S., Da, M., Vitali, L., & Lanza, M. (2021). Intensified green-based extraction process as a circular economy approach to recover bioactive compounds from soursop seeds (Annona muricata L.). Food Chemistry: X, 12, 100164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100164
Rupprecht, J. K., Hui, Y. H., & McLaughlin, J. L. (1990). Annonaceous acetogenins: a review. Journal of natural products, 53(2), 237–278. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50068a001
Sánchez, T., & Aristizabal, J. (2007). Guía técnica para producción y análisis de almidón de yuca. Boletín de servicios agrícolas de la FAO Nº 163. Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y Alimentación, Roma, Italia, pp. 134
Schmiele, M., Marques-Sampaio, U., & Pedrosa-Silva, C. M. (2019). Chapter 1 - Basic Principles: Composition and Properties of Starch. In Starches for Food Application, Sawston, Reino Unido, Academic Press.
SIAP. (2024). Anuario Estadístico de la Producción Agrícola. Servicio de Información Agroalimentaria y Pesquera. Ciudad de México, México.
Solarte-Montúfar, Juan G., Díaz-Murangal, Anderson E., Osorio-Mora, Oswaldo, & Mejía-España, Diego F. (2019). Propiedades Reológicas y Funcionales del Almidón. Procedente de Tres Variedades de Papa Criolla. Información tecnológica, 30(6), 35-44. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-07642019000600035
Tesfaye, T., Gibril, M., Sithole, B., Ramjugernath, D., Chavan, R., Chunilall, V., & Gounden, N., (2018). Valorisation of avocado seeds: extraction and characterization of starch for textile applications. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 20, 2135-2154. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-018-1597-0
Vila-Nova, N. S., De Morais, S. M., Falcão, M. J. C., Alcantara, T. T. N., Ferreira, P. A. T., Cavalcanti, E. S. B., Vieira, I. G. P., Campello, C. C., & Wilson, M. (2013). Different susceptibilities of Leishmania spp. promastigotes to the Annona muricata acetogenins annonacinone and corossolone, and the Platymiscium floribundum coumarin scoparone. Experimental Parasitology, 133(3), 334-338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2012.11.025
Villamil, M. M., Gavilá, J. T., & Varó, I. (2015). Evaluación de la toxicidad de metilparabeno en Artemia franciscana: efectos sobre crecimiento, supervivencia y biomarcadores. Nereis. Revista Iberoamericana Interdisciplinar de Métodos, Modelización y Simulación, 8, 113-118.
Xu, J., Blennow, A., Li, X., Chen., L., & Liu, X. (2020). Gelatinization dynamics of starch in dependence of its lamellar structure, crystalline polymorphs and amylose content. Carbohydrate Polymers, 229, 115-181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115481
Yongfeng, A., & Jay-lin, J. (2015). Gelatinization 3-4, and rheological properties of starch. Starch-Stärke, 67, 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1002/star.201400201
Yousf, N., Nazir, F., Salim, R., Ahsan, H., y Sirwal, A. (2017). Water solubility index and water absorption index of extruded product from rice and carrot blend. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(6), 2165-2168
Revista Bio Ciencias by Universidad Autónoma de Nayarit under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported License.
Based on work of http://biociencias.uan.edu.mx/.
Further permits not covered by this licence can be found at http://editorial.uan.edu.mx/index.php/BIOCIENCIAS.